Month: February 2019

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Breton Folktales: Yannik, the Mad Thing of the Woods

Image by Luc-Olivier Merson [Public domain] – Cropped
Presented here is a retelling of a Breton folktale from Folk Tales of Brittany by Elsie Masson, called Yannik, the Fairy Child.

Yannik the Fairy Child

Once in a while – maybe once every one hundred years – someone appears among us who is different and somehow lightens our lives bringing hope and joy and easing our tired minds and aching bones. This story tells how such a one appeared and touched the hearts of all who encountered him. It begins in a time long ago in a village hidden in the woods in the wild, rugged, district of Finistère that is part of Brittany in France.  In those far off days the woods were a dangerous place full of savage bears, hungry wolves and other wild creatures. The villagers were poor and hard working, generous of heart and looked after one another. Life was hard and they lived upon the edge of survival from day to day.  They had no gold, silver or treasure they could use to relieve their poverty but it was in times such as these they were blessed by a different kind of treasure that appeared to enrich their lives.

Yannik

There appeared alone in the woods a feral boy the people called Yannik. Although he was as free as the birds that sing in the trees no sound had ever came from his silent lips until one glorious day, but even then only one word and one word alone would he repeatedly utter.  The villagers were poor but kindly folk and were both bemused and enchanted, not knowing how to treat him. Nevertheless, they grew to love, but never understand him. Sometimes he would appear as if in a world of his own and stand or sit and stare into space and look with eyes that saw right through you.  

Although he could never speak a word of thank you, he would show his gratitude by rewarding his benefactor with a big, beaming, smile.  It was a smile that would light up their lives filling them with love and happiness for this strange, feral boy of the woods. When someone gave him a pair of wooden clogs he walked proudly up and down with a big radiant smile, his fair face simply shining with joy.  Everyone knew the gratitude he felt because his smile was his only language and that said everything that mattered.

He was a  mystery. No one knew who he was, what he was, or where he came from. He was a rare and beautiful thing who ran naked through the woods bringing joy, peace and good fortune wherever he went.  Whether he had become lost, or had been abandoned, no one knew. All they knew was that he was there and they called him Yannik. He was like all joyous things in one, a peaceful presence, a silent soul that communicated by the radiance of his smile and the peaceful aura of his being.  Such was Yannik.

Although he appeared alone in the world anyone of the villagers would gladly have given him a home. Everyone loved him and he came and went between homes at his leisure. He would enjoy their hospitality for a short time and then disappear into the forest to run wild and people would leave him gifts of food and clothing.   Although one night he may sleep in the farmer’s cottage and the farmer’s wife provide a wholesome supper and cradle him until he slept, come daybreak his bed would be empty. They tried to keep him locked in thinking it would be for his own good. With out fail, he always managed to find a way out. Even in the snow season his footsteps would lead back to the forest to be among the birds and animals and the whispering trees he loved, for he was not something that could be confined or possessed.

The Fol Goët, The Fairy-Child

In the wilderness of the forest Yannik knew no fear and none feared him.  The bears knew him and greeted him with affection and the wolf trotted at his side and the birds of the forest perched upon his hand and sang wonderful songs.  Thus it was that in the pathless forest Yannik was sustained and guarded by those who dwelt within.


In the farms and the villages the men called him the “Fol Goët,” or “the mad thing of the woods” but not unkindly, while  the women called him the “fairy child.”  In the little local church the choir would sing and Yannik would carefully and quietly sneak inside to hide at the back listening to their songs with a look of sheer rapture and such joy in his shining eyes. The old priest tried to persuade him to stay with him that he may teach a word or two of speech, but Yannik would not stay.  Nevertheless, he would still come and listen to the singing, his face radiant and his eyes shining.

One summer evening he had been roaming happily in the fields and drawing near the church heard singing and went inside to listen.  It was a feast day and the church was full and the children’s choir was singing a hymn of praise and as he listened to the pure voices of the children dressed in their white robes, their voices took him higher and higher.  He could hear harps and other wonderful accompanying instruments and the children were singing,

“Glory! Glory! Glory!”

Leaving his place at the back with a look of rapture on his face and a big radiant smile Yannik slowly walked up the aisle his  arms stretched out before him as if he was blind. The singing stopped and all fell silent as they watched him approach the altar where he was met by the priest who met his hands with his own. There and then Yannik spoke the first and only word that would ever pass his lips,

“Glory!”

And then he sang over ans over again,

“Glory! Glory! Glory!”

And the children in the choir took up the song and the people in the congregation all sang,

“Glory! Glory! Glory!”

From then on Yannik would always be heard singing “Glory! Glory! Glory!” wherever he went.  When he was accompanying the priest on his rounds visiting the sick and elderly he sang it. When he was visiting one of the local people who were always glad to see him and feed him he sang it.  When he was alone running wild in the woods he sang it. Wherever he went he sang,

“Glory! Glory! Glory!”

And that was the only sound that ever came from his mouth.

Well, the world turned and one summer evening the people were making their way home from a hard day of labor in the fields.  As the smoke from the cooking fires began to rise slowly the air was filled with the music of silver bells and a clear, sweet voice was heard singing,

“Glory! Glory! Glory!”

The people came out of their homes in surprise.  They looked at the beautiful sunset sky and heard the music and the sweet voice and said,

“Surely, it is Yannik the silent boy of the woods and it is the Heavens singing with him!”

In the morning the old priest went down to open the church just as he always did and was surprised to find Yannik lying across the threshold of the door.  Gently and tenderly he stooped to rouse him speaking quiet words so as not to alarm him. As he gently cradled the boy’s head, to his sorrow he realized the sweet radiant smile on his young face had frozen and that life had left the body of the child.

The Church of Fol Goët.

The villagers were full of sorrow at the loss of their treasure and on that spot built a new church.  They built it tall and they built it strong and they added delicate and beautiful touches to show their love for the Fairy Child –  the “the mad thing of the woods”  –and they called it the Church of Fol Goët.

For many years after mothers and fathers would bring their silent ones there to be blessed. They hoped that if they could but speak one word that it might be one that expressed the joy and happiness they found in their children and their children might find in the world and if nothing else came from their lips they might sing,

“Glory! Glory! Glory!”

© 26/02/2019 zteve t evans

References, Attributions and Further Reading

Copyright February 26th, 2019 zteve t evans

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The Arthurian Realm: The Quest for the Sangreal

Sir Edward Burne-Jones, overall design and figures; William Morris, overall design and execution; John Henry Dearle, flowers and decorative details., Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

This article was first published October 11, 2018 on #FolkloreThursday.com, titled, British Legends: The Quest for the Holy Grail, written by zteve t evans, and has been revised and edited and republished here, 9th May 2024. Images and videos may vary from original.

The Sangreal

In Arthurian romance, the mystical, magical quest of the Sangreal is a famous story rooted in medieval times. However, its seeds may be from much earlier.  It uses allegories to blend pagan motifs, Christian tradition, and political and social concerns of the day into a story of spiritual evolution for the main protagonists, who must remain faithful to the quest.  

The Sangreal is another name for the Holy Grail, which eventually became conflated with the Holy Chalice.  There are several other versions of its name, and in different stories, it has appeared in various forms, such as stone or wood or as a cup or dish. The earliest of these romances was Le Conte du Graal by Chrétien de Troyes, who died before it was finished but was later added to by other poets.  

Other authors also created versions of the story, such as Le Roman du Graal, Joseph d’Arimathe, Merlin, and Perceval by Robert de Boron, the Vulgate Cycle, whose authorship is disputed, and Parzival by Wolfram von Eschenbach. Later, Sir Thomas Malory wrote Le Morte D’Arthur, blending Arthurian and grail traditions, and it is from this that the summarised version of the tale below draws the most.

Origin of the Sangreal

In this allegorical story set in the time of King Arthur, the Sangreal was the cup that Jesus Christ drank from at the Last Supper. The Sacred Spear was the one Longinus, the Roman soldier, used to pierce his side during his crucifixion.  Joseph of Arimathea brought them to Britain, and his descendants, the Grail Kings of Castle Corbenic, were granted guardianship on the condition that each guardian lived a life of purity in action and thought, dedicated to Jesus Christ.  For many ages, the Sangreal remained a visible, tangible object — alongside the Sacred Spear — that pilgrims came from far and wide to pray before.

Over time, one of its guardians allowed the moral standards that behoved his role to slip and sought forbidden love. The Sacred Spear punished his weakness, inflicting a wound to his groin that could not be healed, leaving the king maimed and kept alive only by the power of the Sangreal; after this, the Sangreal and Sacred Spear were hidden from the people’s eyes.  In those days, the fertility of the land was linked to that of the king, and his realm became a barren wasteland until the time came when the purest knight in the world would heal him.

Merlin’s Message

At Camelot, Merlin had not been seen for some time and, worried by his absence, King Arthur sent out knights to find him.  Sir Gawain went out searching, and while travelling through the forest of Brocéliande, he heard someone groaning. Following the sound, he found a column of dense mist that he could not penetrate.  From the mist came the voice of Merlin, who revealed that his mistress, Viviane — the Lady of the Lake — had imprisoned him there for eternity.  He instructed Gawain to return to King Arthur and tell him of his plight. Yet, emphasising that nothing could be done to save him, he gave an important message to relay:

“Tell Arthur a great event is now unfolding. The knight is born and ready to begin and accomplish this task for the good of the land and its people.  Now is the time of the quest of the Sangreal.”

Gawain quickly returned and delivered the message to King Arthur, who grieved for his old friend as he pondered the message.

Pentecost at Camelot

It was King Arthur’s custom to celebrate the feast of Pentecost with all his knights around the Round Table, where each knight had their seat inscribed with their name. One vacant seat with no inscription was known as the Siege Perilous. 

As the feast was about to begin, a squire brought the incredible news that a red marble slab had been found floating in a nearby river. King Arthur led his knights to the river to investigate. Fixed firmly within this slab, as if it had been driven in, was a sword upon which was inscribed the following words,

“Never shall I be drawn forth except by he who is the perfect knight and at his side, I will hang.”

Sir Gawain tried to draw the sword but failed, as did Sir Percival and many others, but none could set it free.

The Quest of the Sangreal

The Round Table – By Evrard d’Espinques, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Having investigated the wonder and tried their luck with the sword and failed, they returned to the Round Table to eat. While they were eating, the windows and doors suddenly slammed shut.  The candles flickered, went out, and then came back on again. A very old holy man accompanied by Galahad, the son of Sir Lancelot, stood before them. The holy man led Galahad to the Siege Perilous and seated him there.  They watched in awe as the lettering on the seat changed magically to read Galahad. King Arthur led Sir Galahad to the floating marble slab, who easily withdrew the sword to the wonder of all.

Arthur and his knights returned to their feasting, and again, the candles suddenly dimmed, and there was a peal of thunder.  A ray of light shone down, and in the middle of the Round Table appeared the glowing Sangreal veiled in white silk. Inspired by this miraculous event, Sir Gawain declared he would not rest, day or night, for one year and a day until he saw the Sangreal fully unveiled.  

Arthur remembered Merlin’s message and became unsettled. He knew the others would follow his example and realised there was every chance some would die on that quest or not return.  In the early summer days, as one hundred and fifty knights rode from Camelot on the Quest of the Sangreal, King Arthur wept, knowing the world had changed forever.

The White Shield

Galahad left Camelot alone and travelled until he came to the White Abbey, where he was shown a magical white shield bearing a red cross that once belonged to Joseph of Arimathea. He was warned that the shield was special and protected by a White Knight and reserved for a pure-hearted knight. Galahad decided to take it and left, but he had not gone far when the White Knight appeared. Instead of attacking him, the knight congratulated him on his decision and revealed the history of the white shield.

The following day, Galahad resumed the quest and, riding through a forest, met Sir Percival and Sir Lancelot, travelling together. However, because he now carried the white shield, they did not recognise him and jousted with him as was the knightly custom until an elderly anchoress appeared saying, 

“Galahad, without doubt, you are the best knight in the world!”

This accolade alarmed Galahad, who spurred his horse into the forest. Lancelot and Percival went after him but lost him. The two knights decided to split up: Lancelot rode on, and Percival remained and spoke to the hermitess.

Sir Percival’s Quest

She told Percival she was the sister of King Pellimore, which made her his aunt, and he was her nephew. She also told him the sad news that his mother was dead. Percival, in turn, told her about the knight with the white shield. The anchoress warned him that the knight was Galahad, who had an essential part in a miraculous event unfolding in the world. Furthermore, she foretold that of all the Knights of the Round Table, only three would achieve the Sangreal, and of these, two would be virgins and the third chaste. One, she continued,  would evolve to surpass his father in the same way the lion is stronger than the leopard. She advised Percival to visit the Maimed King, also known as the Fisher King, who dwelt in the castle of Corbenic.

Following her advice, Percival arrived at a monastery where a very elderly and venerable gentleman lay in a bed, suffering from many wounds. He was told this was King Evelake, who had been a companion of Joseph of Arimathea.  God had granted him time to live until the most perfect knight arrived who would achieve the Sangreal.

The Lion and the Serpent

Percival continued the quest and, travelling through a valley, came upon a strange scene. A massive serpent had hold of a lion cub by its neck. It was dragging it along when suddenly, an enormous lion appeared and fought the serpent. Percival joined the attack, killing the serpent with his sword. The lion appreciated his help and the serpent’s death, allowing him to stroke its head and shoulders. That night, it slept peacefully at his side.

While he slept, he dreamed of a young woman who rode upon the back of a lion and an old woman who rode upon the back of a serpent.  The young woman warned him of the approach of a great battle. The old woman demanded he give himself to her in compensation for the serpent that he had wrongly killed.  Percival refused, but the old woman vowed she would possess him if his faith ever failed.

The White Ship

The following day, accompanied by the lion, Percival travelled on and arrived at the seashore.  At midday, a black ship arrived, and a beautiful lady asked him why he wandered the wilderness.  He replied that his devotion to Christ made it safe for him to roam where he would. She said she had met Galahad earlier, and if he promised to help her, she would take him to him and command her servants to set up a pavilion and set a fine meal upon a table inside.  

The Lady asked Percival to join her, and while they ate, seeing how beautiful the woman was, he offered himself to her. She told him that only if he promised himself exclusively to her would she return his affections. He agreed, but as he prepared to sleep with her, he caught a glimpse of the crucifix on the handle of his sword and recalled that he had vowed to remain a virgin.  He made the sign of the cross, and the tent suddenly dissolved into black smoke and was gone.  Looking around, he saw the black ship sail away with the Lady onboard who shouted, “Betrayer!” He realised he had only just resisted temptation.

Over the horizon, a white ship appeared. Onboard was an elderly man who invited Percival to join him. Percival accepted the invitation, went onboard the vessel, and it took him over the sea, and as he sails away we shall catch up with how other knights on the quest fared.

Sir Bors Quest

Dindrane, Sir Galahad, Sir Bors and Sir Percival by Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

Before Sir Bors left Camelot, he went to see a holy man for advice, who asked if he would like to confess his sins before beginning the quest for the Sangreal. Bors took up the offer and vowed to remain chaste from then on. After this, he started the quest and, on his journey, came across a dead tree where a great bird sat in its uppermost branches upon a nest with its starving young.  It pierced its own body with its beak, and as it bled to death, the baby birds drank up the blood, saving them from starvation.

As evening fell, he met a young lady seeking a champion to fight a knight trying to steal her land.   Without hesitation, Bors agreed and spent the night in her tower, where he slept on the floor.  While asleep, he dreamed he saw two birds.  One was as white as snow, and the other as black as coal. The white bird said, “If you would give me meat and be my servant, I would give you all of the treasures of the world, and shall make you as white and as fair as I.” The blackbird countered, saying, “If you serve me and have me, my blackness will avail you more than the whiteness of the other.”

In the morning, Bors defeated his adversary, making him promise to esteem and honour the Lady and stop threatening her.  The defeated knight agreed, and Sir Bors, satisfied with the outcome, resumed his quest.  At the summer’s end, he arrived at the coast, where he found the white ship with Percival onboard. The two friends had a happy reunion and then settled down to await the arrival of Sir Galahad.

The Sacrifice of Dindrane

The Damsel of the Sanct Grael by Dante Gabriel Rossetti, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

With the arrival of the first brown leaves of autumn, Sir Galahad arrived at a hermitage where a lady named Dindrane invited him to accompany her on a great adventure. He agreed, and the two travelled to the sea, where they found the white ship with Bors and Percival waiting.   

They were all delighted to see each other and swapped tales to pass the time.  To the joy of Percival, Dindrane revealed herself to be his sister by their father, King Pellinore. The ship sailed on and, towards the end of autumn, arrived at another coast.  Dindrane instructed them to disembark to seek out the Maimed King and cure him of his wound. Travelling through a forest, they came across a white hart leading four lions, which the knights followed.  Arriving at a chapel, the heart transformed into a man. The lions also transformed, one becoming a man, another remaining a lion, a third becoming an eagle, and the fourth changing into an ox.

The following day, the party came to a castle where they were challenged by the castle knights, who demanded that Dindrane give a bowl of her blood to the Lady of the castle to satisfy their custom. Her companions could not agree and fought to defend her. Eventually, admitting defeat, the castle knights offered the party peace and lodging for the night at the castle. The party all agreed and accepted the offer. Later that evening, they asked their hosts about the gruesome practice of bloodletting. They were told that the Lady of the castle suffered from a terrible disease whose only cure was the blood from a virgin who was the daughter of a king.  Hearing this, Dindrane felt compassionate and offered her blood to the Lady despite the danger to herself.

Her offer was accepted, and the practice was carried out the following day, after which she lost consciousness.  On regaining consciousness, she knew she would die and asked her brother to place her body on the ship and set it out to sea.  She foretold he would find her in Sarras, the holy city, and asked him to bury her there, foretelling that Galahad and then Percival would die soon after her.  Finally, she instructed the three knights to split and go separate ways until they were finally reunited in the Maimed King’s castle.

Galahad and Bors left their grieving friend at his request to fulfil his sister’s wishes. Lovingly, he placed her on a ship and wrote a note describing her life and adventures, leaving it by her side, knowing they would be reunited in Sarras. After watching the boat disappear over the horizon, he set out for Corbenic.

Lancelot and Galahad

Sir Galahad on the Quest for the Holy Grail by Arthur Hughes, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

After Sir Lancelot left Camelot on the quest, he had many adventures. Although he had glimpsed the Sangreal before the quest, he had never managed to hold it, and this desire burned deep within him.  At last, he arrived at the seashore, rested, and fell asleep.   In a dream, he heard a voice telling him to board the first ship that came his way.  When he awoke, he looked out over the sea and saw a ship approaching that was driven by neither sail nor oar. On boarding the strange ship, he found it deserted, but he stayed, experiencing a feeling of peace and serenity. Exploring, he came across a room where Dindrane’s body lay. Finding a note beside her, he learned about her and her sacrifice.   

The ship sailed on, and Lancelot remained onboard, thinking himself alone. That night, as he took the air on deck, he was surprised to see a knight approaching him. As he welcomed him, he was delighted to recognise his son, Sir Galahad. Eventually, as winter approached, the ship passed close by the shore, where an unknown knight called to Sir Galahad, telling him it was time to resume the quest of the Sangreal.  After an emotional farewell, Galahad told his father they would never meet again and disembarked.

Lancelot Fails

Lancelot stayed on the ship, spending much of the time praying for another sight of the elusive Sangreal.  Eventually, the boat arrived at a castle by the sea.  Lancelot heard a voice telling him to enter the castle and, following its instructions, found a locked chamber. Not knowing what else to do, he prayed outside. Eventually, the door opened, revealing a room filled with the most glorious light. The voice told him to flee, saying that he was not worthy to enter, but as he turned to go, he caught a glimpse of angels and priests standing all around the Sangreal. 

Stepping inside, he was hit by a blast of fire that scorched him and left him blind and deaf. He was laid in bed, where he remained for twenty-four days, dreaming many beautiful dreams. When he finally awoke, he was told he was at the Castle of Corbenic.  After fully recovering, he chose to return to Camelot, realising he was too unworthy to achieve the quest of the Sangreal, and his son eclipsed him as the best knight in the world.

The Death of King Evelake

After Galahad had left his father, he came to the abbey where King Evelake lay. The king called him close and requested an embrace. As he embraced him, the king died, and Galahad carried him outside for burial. Soon after, Galahad discovered something marvellous had happened to him. Resuming his journey, he performed all manner of miracles along the way.

After five days, he travelled through a withered forest devoid of leaves and grass and came across Sir Percival. After a pleasant reunion, they travelled together, searching for the Maimed King. Along the way, they met Bors, who had roamed the high mountains and wild places alone on the quest.

Finally, they arrived at the Castle of Corbenic and were invited to stay for supper.  As they were sat at the table, the Maimed King was carried into the room. He spoke to Galahad, saying he had been looking forward to this moment for many years and hoping it would bring him a cure.  Flanked by angels, Joseph of Arimathea came into the room and began to say mass.

From the Sangreal, the figure of Jesus appeared and presented the holy vessel to Sir Galahad, asking that it be taken to the city of Sarras. He asked that he heal the Maimed King, and then he vanished after giving his blessing. Galahad rose, touched the spear’s blood-covered point, and anointed the invalid with the blood, healing him.

The Sangreal in Sarras

The Attainment: The Vision of the Holy Grail to Sir Galahad, Sir Bors, and Sir Perceval – Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery, Public domain, via Wikimedia Commons

The next day, the knights left Corbenic, travelling through a forest of buds and unfurling leaves towards the seashore, where they found the white ship waiting.  Onboard, they found the Sangreal placed on a silver table. The ship sailed on and eventually arrived at the port of Sarras. On disembarking, Galahad saw a crippled man begging and asked him to help him carry the table bearing the Sangreal to the city gates.  The invalid agreed and, in doing so, was cured, and news of this miracle spread like wildfire through the city. The three knights searched for the ship bearing Dindrane and gave her a fitting burial.

The ruler of Sarras, King Estorause, was a tyrant. When he heard that three knights had arrived at the city gates bearing the Sangreal, he had them thrown in prison but allowed the Sangreal to stay with them.  Every day, the knights knelt before the holy vessel, prayed, and were filled with grace and serenity. One day. King Estorause fell ill, and as he lay dying, he repented his treatment of them and begged their forgiveness.  Estorause had no heir, so the citizens decided to make Galahad their king because he had cured the crippled man.

One morning, Galahad found Joseph of Arimathea kneeling in prayer before the Sangreal. Joseph rose and told him the time had come for him to enter Heaven.  Galahad called his two companions and, bidding them farewell, asked them to take the news of his achieving the Sangreal to his father. Then he knelt and prayed before the holy vessel, and as he prayed, his soul — along with the Sangreal — rose to Heaven.    

Percival and Bors buried his body alongside Dindrane and, leaving the city, stayed together in a hermitage.  Percival died as his sister predicted, and Bors buried him between her and Galahad. At Pentecost, Sir Bors arrived back in Camelot with the news of the achievement of the Sangreal and was welcomed with great joy by King Arthur and his court.   Bors told Lancelot about all that had happened to his son, Galahad, and how he had achieved the Sangreal.  Arthur insisted the court scribes write down the entire story from Bors to preserve it for future generations.

The Sangreal Today

The Quest of the Sangreal has been expressed in many ways over the centuries, including the works of art seen here and in many works of poetry and literature, as well as in films, television, and other modern forms of entertainment.  Modern films include Monty Python and the Holy Grail (1975), Excalibur (1985), Monty Python’s Spamalot (2004), a musical comedy for the stage, Indiana Jones, and the Last Crusade (1989) and The Fisher King (1991).  Dan Brown used the theme in his novel The Da Vinci Code (2003), which has been examined in many non-fiction works.

The quest was not to find a material object but to complete a series of tests and lessons for those who took it up to achieve spiritual perfection. That may be why its popularity remains as undiminished today as it did earlier.

© zteve t evans

References, Attributions and Further Reading

Copyright zteve t evans

by

Himalayan Folktales: Kulloo, the Faithful Dog

Image by Stonehenge (John Henry Walsh) [Public domain], via Wikimedia Commons


Simla Village Tales

Alice Elizabeth Dracott writing in her Introduction to her book,  Simla Village Tales, or Folk Tales from the Himalayas (1906) says,

“Himalayan folk-lore, with its beauty, wit, and mysticism, is a most fascinating study, and makes one grieve to think that the day is fast approaching when the honest rugged hill-folk of Northern India will lose their fireside tales under the influence of modern civilisation.  ….

… From their cradle under the shade of ancient deodars, beside the rocks, forests and streams of the mighty Himalayan mountains, have I sought these tales to place them upon the great Bookshelf of the World.”

The similar sentiments can expressed for the folklore of indigenous people all around the world. Although we cannot hold back time and should not try these stories hold the collective wisdom, hopes, fears and experience built up over many generations, often showing the common traits of different people from all around the world through time.

Presented here is a retelling of a folktale from this collection called Kulloo, A Faithful Dog, helping out his human master.  The theme of Animal Helper appears in different forms in folktales all around the world.  In this case the dog remains faithful even though his master killed him and returns from death to save his life.  There are other themes and principles also at play in the story which are found in stories from other cultures showing that they have much more in common with one another than often meets the eye.

Kulloo, the Faithful Dog

In the part of the world where this story is set a Bunniah is a kind of merchant or trader of various commodities and in this story there was a Bunniah who had a faithful dog named Kulloo who was his best friend.  One day the Bunniah decided he needed a wife and so he married a woman. Together, they traveled to a faraway city taking Kulloo with them. On the way he developed a raging headache so he stopped by the side of the road with his head resting in his wife’s lap.  While he was resting in this way he fell asleep and while he was sleeping a man who passed by on his horse stopped and asked the Bunniah’s wife if she had the means to light his pipe because he fancied a smoke. She told him “I cannot give you a light for your pipe as my husband is resting his head in my lap and I cannot move without disturbing him in his sleep.”

The man was in fact a robber who stole anything he took a fancy to and made a lot of money from stealing many things from many people.

“Slip some clothes under his head and he will not notice,” replied the man.  The woman did this and her husband continued to sleep soundly while she lit the man’s pipe.  Suddenly he grabbed hold of her and throwing her across his horse leapt into the saddle and carried her off.  

Abduction

After a while the Bunniah awoke and found his wife gone but his dog patiently and faithfully waiting by his side for him to awaken.   The dog told his master what had happened and said, “Master, if we become beggars we can go from door to door without suspicion begging for food while seeking out your wife.”

The Bunniah thought this a good plan so dressing in old clothes he and his faithful dog went begging from door to door.  After many days of begging the Bunniah eventually knocked on the door of the home of the abductor of his wife and it was she who answered the door.  She did not recognize her husband or the dog but gave them food and money. However, Kulloo recognised her and later asked his master if he had not recognized his wife when she opened the door.   His master admitted that he had not so and Kulloo led his master back to the house.

Once again the Bunniah knocked on the door and his wife opened it.  This time he made himself known to her and she recognising him and invited him in but she was in a quandary.  Her abductor had forced her to marry him but had given her a very high standard of living. This was, far greater than her first husband could ever have given her  which she had now become accustomed to. Nevertheless, she made a great act of seeing her first husband again and invited him to dinner that evening, telling him that when her abductor had fallen asleep then he would have the chance to kill him and escape with her.

The Trap

The Bunniah agreed and he and Kulloo went off intending to return later for dinner and to complete the plan.  However, when they had gone she called her abductor to her and they made a plan to kill her first husband and be rid of him once and for all.  They made a deep hole in the floor and placed a cover over it that would eventually collapse when weight would was placed upon it. She made sure everything was arranged it so her first husband would be seated over it as he ate.  

They installed spikes into the walls and floor so that as he fell he would be impaled and killed.   When the Bunniah returned for dinner their plan worked perfectly and he fell into the hole as he was eating.  His wife and her abductor went off to bed laughing believing him to be dead.   Although he was impaled on the spikes he was not mortally wounded but would have died had not his faithful Kulloo came and pulled out the pikes with his teeth freeing him and helping him to safety.   Looking around the Bunniah saw the abductor was asleep so he hit him hard over the head killing him and made his escape taking his wife with him.

There was a lot of blood and Kulloo saw that his master left a trail for others to follow so he came along behind lapping up the blood to prevent this.  Kulloo, being a wise dog, knew that his master’s wife was a wicked woman and would never rest until she had gained revenge.

Death of Kulloo

The Bunniah reclaimed his wife but she told him she would not eat or drink until Kullo was dead.  Of course the Bunniah refused to kill his faithful dog but his wife was adamant and began wasting away from lack of food.  The Bunniah implored her to eat but she insisted she would only do so when Kulloo was dead.  As she grew weaker her insistence grew stronger and eventually the Bunniah agreed to kill his faithful dog.

Poor Kulloo, knowing he was to be killed begged his master to make sure he buried him properly making sure his head, which was to be cut off, was buried beside him, because there would come a time when he would return to save his master’s life.  This the Bunniah did and his wife now ate and drank her fill but she was not satisfied and still wanted vengeance on her husband.

Return of Kulloo

She went to the local court and accused the Bunniah of being a robber and a murderer and claimed he had killed her husband and abducted her.  The sentence for such crimes was death and the Bunniah was put on trial and found guilty. Just as the judge was about to sentence him to death the Bunniah thought of his faithful Kulloo and in that second the dog appeared at his side and begged to speak to the judge.   The judge agreed and Kulloo revealed the entire story of how the Bunniah’s wife had been abducted and how she had plotted with her abductor to kill him.  The judge believed Kulloo and dismissed the charges against his master setting him free. Thus it was for the second time that the faithful Kulloo had saved the life of his master but now having completed his task he disappeared never to be seen again.

© 12/07/2016 zteve t evans

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Copyright zteve t evans

by

German Folktales: Paracelsus and the Spirit in the Fir Tree

Public domain, via Wikimedia Common

Paracelsus was an influential physician, astrologer and alchemist of the German Renaissance.  His real name was Theophrastus Aureolus Bombastus von Hohenheim and he was born in 1493. He was was a medical pioneer of his time and credited with many notable achievements and has  been called the father of toxicology.  The medical movement called Paracelsianism was named after him and followed his ideas.  Presented here is a retelling of a legend called The Legend of Paracelsus from a collection of German folktales called Folk-lore and Legends: German by Anonymous.

The Legend of Paracelsus

Paracelsus was a deep and thoughtful man and wanted to find ways to help people by curing their illness and disease but rarely had sufficient funds for research.  Sometimes he took himself away for long walks to contemplate how he could do this.  One day as he was out walking in a part of the forest where few ever roamed he heard someone calling his name.  Surprised and a little baffled he looked around but could see no one in view. Nevertheless, he could still hear someone calling his name so he followed the sound until he came to an old fir-tree but could see no sign of anyone there. Bewildered he looked all around and walked around the trunk but could see no one but could still hear someone calling his name.  Examining the trunk of the fir tree he saw that deeply embedded within the wood was a small stopper that had three crosses etched into it. It was from here that the voice appeared to be coming from. On closer examination he realized the stopper was imprisoning a spirit in the trunk of the fir tree.

The Spirit in the Tree

The spirit now begged and pleaded with him to remove the stopper and set it free, but Paracelsus was wary.  He thought about this for a while and then said,

“If you will bestow on me a medicine that will cure all illness and disease and also a tincture that will turn everything it touches to gold to fund my research, then I will remove the stopper and set you free.”

The spirit readily agreed and so Paracelsus took out a small knife he always carried and after some trouble managed to pry out the stopper and put it in his pocket for safe keeping.  From out of the dark void that the stopper had filled their crept a most hideous and huge black spider that scuttled down the trunk of the tree to the ground.  As soon as it touched the ground it transformed into the ghastly, thin,  hideous old man who rose up to stand tall, squinting with his red eyes into the surprised eyes of Paracelsus.

The old man led him through the forest breaking a branch off a hazel tree as they went and leading Paracelsus to a high rocky ledge that overlooked vast swathes of the forest.  With the hazel branch he struck the rock wall three times and it opened with a groan. The old man bid Paracelsus to wait and disappeared inside the opening. After a short time he returned carry two small glass phials. One contained a yellow fluid which he handed to Paracelsus telling him that anything the fluid came into contact with would instantly turn to gold.  The second contained a white fluid which he gave to him and told him that this would cure all illness and disease. He then stuck the rock face three times and the opening closed up leaving no trace of the opening it concealed.

The Evil Spirit

As they walked back through the forest Paracelsus began to think about the spirit growing increasingly uneasy in its company.   It told him that it would now travel to Innsprück to wreak vengeance upon the sorcerer who had imprisoned him in the fir tree.  Paracelsus now realized the spirit was evil and feared for the magician and the world for having released it and thought about how he could set things to right.  When they arrived back at the fir tree he said to the spirit,

“Clearly you are a most gifted and magical being!  I wonder if you would mind making a show of your magical gifts by turning yourself back into a spider and crawling into that hole in the tree’s trunk again, purely as an exhibition of your cleverness and magic?”

The spirit was still very pleased at being released and loved to be flattered and therefore readily agreed.  In and instant it had transformed itself into a hideous black spider and scuttled up the tree trunk into the hole. Paracelsus quickly took the stopper out of his pocket and rammed it tightly into the hole trapping the spirit in the tree again.  Quickly finding a heavy stone he hammered the stopper into the wood as tight as possible and then taking his knife cut three fresh crosses into the stopper.

Tricked

Suddenly realizing it had been tricked the spirit screamed and wailed making a hideous noise and shook the tree as if it was in the grip of a hurricane but the stopper held firm. Paracelsus made his way home knowing that the evil spirit would remain safely incarcerated in the fir tree which was high in the mountains and protected by snow drifts and very few people ever passed that way.  

The Two Phials

When he arrived home he tried out the two phials of fluid the evil one had given him and was pleased with their success. It is said that it was largely these that made him one of the most celebrated physicians and alchemists of his day.

© 05/02/2019 zteve t evans

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Copyright February 5, 2019 zteve t evans